The author of "Indigenous Health Care and Ethno-medicine" argues that:
"There is only limited agreement on the physiological effects of kava use. The pharmacological classification of its effects reveals these limits. Cutting (1969, 743) called kava psychotomimetic, stimulant and depressant, while Lewin (1931, see also 1964, p. 215) called it a hypnotic. Goodman and Gilman (1979, 301) failed to classify kava at all, and Meyer (1967, 1969) perhaps the foremost researcher in the physiological effects of kava, termed it a sedative. Shulgin (1973) settled on calling kava an excitant, because its use was similar to the use of coffee at an office or neighbourhood get together or the use of alcohol at a cocktail party. In reviewing the literature, kava has been termed a narcotic, stimulant, depressant, hypnotic, excitant, muscular relaxant, sedative, appetite improver, anti-epileptic, diuretic, headache remedy, relaxant, soporific, anticonvulant, spasmolytic agent, angesic, local anaesthetic, antimycotic, euphoriant, antipyretic, and tranquilliser"